有谁知道关于英语介绍西部牛仔文章
英语介绍西部牛仔文章及翻译附后
Western cowboy cowboy ( cowboy ) is introduced, and the Americans called cowboy. We for a cowboy ( West Cowboy ) understanding, are mostly derived from the United States western movie. In the film, a cowboy usually wearing a corset, wearing a wide-brimmed hat, riding a tall and strong, in the American West under the blue sky and white clouds in the vast grasslands of. They are Gao Dajian large, quiet, re-committed to Connaught, honest and brave, their body filled with romantic hero, they are legal and justice truth maintenance, is the best representative of the image of man. But with the real life of the cowboy be quite different than Layton, American historian once wrote: the film and television screens Hollywood graceful cowboy hero, and in open pastures heyday for the care of cattle and hard working Cowboys no resemblance. MerriamWebster ' s1986 version of Intermediate Dictionary is defined as: cowboy one who tends cattle or horses, especially a mounted cattle ranch worker. [3 ] briefly, cowboy is a group of professional driving cattle, is
A shepherd type groups. In the United States in the opening of the West Texas area, there are many settlers there to open pasture, grazing cattle, domesticated horses. At first, they learn to local Mexicans, but soon formed from madrigals to clothing, from grazing to riding all its own way of life. These people are called cowboy. Jean spent most of his life and cattle, horse-dealing; to tame the violent temper horses and cattle, must master the grazing habits, but also learn to skilled riding ( horsemanship ), ( lasso / noose ) ability. Long and hard life, so that the cowboy were developed into strong body, brave spirit and a good riding. And because they are uninhabited wilderness gallop, at any time may be encountered all sorts of dangers and bad weather, so they are full of the spirit of adventure. Denim dress is also very unique: a wide-brimmed hat, high boots, leather edge tight breeches ( riding breeches ), reflecting a rough ( straightforward, rough and uninhibited / bold, rough, andunconstrained ) and (chivalrous), rob the rich and assist the poor ( Rob therich to give thepoor ) and brave temperament. In fact, this dress is not to attract people, but in order to meet the needs of grazing.
西部牛仔介绍牛仔(cowboy),美国人又称为牧童.我们对于西部牛仔(west cowboy)的认识,大都源自于美国的西部影片.在影片里,西部牛仔通常身穿紧身衣,头戴宽沿帽,骑着高头大马,驰骋在美国西部蓝天白云下的广阔草原上.他们高大健硕,寡言少语,重信守诺,正直勇敢,他们的身上弥漫着浪漫传奇的英雄色彩,他们是法律和正义的真实维护者,是男子汉形象的最佳代表.但与牛仔的真实生活大相径庭,美国历史学家比林顿曾经写道:“好莱坞影片以及电视屏幕上形态优雅的牛仔英雄,与在开阔牧场的全盛时期为照顾牛群而辛苦工作的牛仔们毫无相似之处.”MerriamWebster’s1986年版的Intermediate Dictionary是这样定义cowboy的:“one who tends cattle or horses,especially a mounted cattle ranch worker.”[3] 牛仔就是一群专业的驱牛者,是一个牧人式的群体.在美国西部开拓时期的得克萨斯州一带,有许多拓荒者到那里开辟牧场,放牧菜牛,驯养野马.起初,他们向当地的墨西哥人学习,但很快就形成了从牧歌到服装、从放牧方式到骑术都具有自己特色的生活方式.这些人被称为“牛仔”.牛仔一生的大部分时间都在和牛、马打交道;要驯服那些性情暴烈的野马和牛群,就必须全面掌握牧畜的习性,还要学会娴熟的骑术(horsemanship)、套索(lasso/noose)本领.长期的艰苦生活,使“牛仔”们练就成健壮的身体、勇敢的精神和一身好骑术.又由于他们每天都在杳无人迹的旷野中驰骋,随时可能会遭遇到各种各样的危险以及恶劣的天气,所以他们大都富有冒险精神.牛仔的打扮也很别致:宽边帽、高统皮靴、皮边紧身马裤(riding breeches),体现出一种粗犷(straightforward,rough and uninhibited/bold,rough andunconstrained)、侠义(chivalrous)、劫富济贫(rob therich to give thepoor)和勇猛顽强的气质.其实,这种打扮并不是为了吸引人,而是为了适应放牧生活的需要.
说起美国文化,大家就会想起源自西部的“牛仔文化”(cowboy culture),特别是随着西部电影世界的风行,通过银幕塑造了一批又一批身着牛仔裤的“牛仔英雄”(cowboy hero), 他们在影片中独来独往,头戴“宽边帽”(cowboy hat)、 身着皮上衣和“牛仔裤”(jeans)、“皮套裤”(chaps)、 脚蹬一双饰有“刺马钉”(spur) 的“高筒皮靴”(cowboy boots)、颈围印花大方巾,骑在马上(on horseback), 个个枪法高超,劫富济贫,一向以叛逆、豪爽、侠义的英雄形象出现。而这种牛仔形象逐渐深入人心,被赋予了“个人独立”(personal independence)“生而自由”(born free)“ 勇于冒险”(daring)“ 性感迷人”(sexy and enchanting)“浓烈的乡土气息”( a strong country flavor)等多元的社会意义,逐渐成为“美国精神”(American spirit)的典型代表。
世界上的第一条牛仔裤产自美国,但牛仔最初却出现在西班牙,而不是美国本土的产物。历史上的西班牙人在饲养和驯服牲畜方面技艺高超,他们富于野心、爱冒险、有绅士风度、喜欢表现自己……是传统牛仔精神的代表,英语“cowboy”即由西班牙语“vaquero”直译而来(vaquero等于cowman,其中词根vaca的意思是牛)。16世纪,西班牙人在殖民过程中将牛仔传统带到了墨西哥。1846年,美国和墨西哥开战,墨西哥战败后沦为美国的一个州――新墨西哥州。但是,具有讽刺意味的是,美国人在征服这一方土地后却被当地的文化特质彻底征服,好学上进的他们积极地将其融入自己的文化生活,可以说,没有其他任何区域能像新墨西哥州那样对美国牛仔文化的发展产生如此重要和深远的影响。
德克萨斯是美国西部“牧牛王国”兴起的大本营,以“牛仔之乡“(cow country)闻名世界。从德克萨斯到内华达的辽阔“牧场“(ranch)上,生活和工作着许多以“养殖和驱集牛马“(livestock-handling)为业的牛仔,他们大多是非洲裔的黑人和拉美人,处在社会的底层,在美国西进运动中常年默默无闻地辛苦劳作。
19世纪70年代,随着铁路的修建以及城镇建设步伐的加快,牛仔的社会角色渐渐弱化。尽管在历史上只持续了几十年,但牛仔时代孕育的牛仔精神和文化却得到延续和发展,并对美国人的物质和精神生活产生了巨大的影响。
在悄然融入美国生活各个角落的同时,牛仔文化的庆祝活动也被很好地保留并流传下来。休斯敦是一个典型的“牛仔文化之城”,每年3月这里都要举办全美最大的“牛仔节“(Houston Live Stock Show and Rodeo),其中“牛仔竞技表演“(Rodeo)相当精彩、刺激。和浪漫化的牛仔电影相比,这可能更接近于真正的牛仔生活,因为大多数人都在农场养殖过牛马。离市区不远的乔治牧场历史公园是体验牛仔文化的最佳去处,“掷套索“(lassoing)、“套牛“(calf and steer roping)、“骑牛“(riding cattle)和“驯马“(riding untamed horses)等,现场表演的内容极为丰富。
发展至今,牛仔文化不仅是美国大众文化的重要组成部分,而且己融入世界文化中,成为一种国际文化现象。
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